| Главная » Статьи » Английский язык |
The verb
Verb is a very complex part of speech and first of all because of it’s various subcalss division. If we admit the existance of the category of finitude as Prof.Blokh does that we’re divide all the verbs into 2 large sets: the finite set and non-finite set. They are profoundly defferent from each other. Here we will talk about the finite verbs. As we have said the general processual meaning is in the semantics of all the verbs including those denoting states, forms of existance and combinability. It mainly combines with nouns and with adverbs. Syntactical function is that of the predicate, because the finite verb expresses the processual categorial features of predication that is time, voice, aspect and mood. Verbs are characterized by specific forms of word-building. The stems may be simple ex: go, take, read. Sound replacive: food-feed, blood-bleed. Stress replacive ex; Import-impOrt The composite verb stems ex: to black mail. According to their semantic structure the finite verbs are divided into: notional which possess full lexical meaning seminotional – they have very general faded lexical meaning a. auxiliary verbs - they perform purely grammatical function b. modal verbs - they express relational meaning, ability, obligation and so on. auxiliary – no lexical meaning, only grammatical //do, be c. link verbs -introducing predicative which is expressed by noun,adj,phrase (to seem) Here we’re to mention of the existance of the notional link verbs, this are verbs which have the power to perform the function of link verbs and they preserve their lexical value. Ex:The Moon rose red. Due to the double syntactic character, the hole predicate is reffered to as a double predicate (a predicate of double orientation) Notional verbs - the 1-st categorization on the basis of the subject process relation. The verbs are divided into actional and statal. Actional - express the action, performed by the subject (do, act, make) Statal verbs - they denote the state of their subject (be, stand, know) This criteria apply to more specific subsets of words: ex: The verbs of mental process, here we observe the verbs of mental perception and activity, sensual process (see-look) The 2-nd categorization is based on the aspective characteristic. Too aspective subclasses of verbs should be recognized in English limitive (close,arrive) and unlimitive (behave,move). The basis of this division is the idea of a processual limit. That is some border point beyond which the process doesn’t exist. The 3-rd categorization is based on the combining power of the verbs. The combing power of words in relation to other words in syntactically subordinate positions is called their syntactic valency. Syntactic valency may be obligatory & optional. The obligatory adjuncts are called complements and optional adjuncts are called supplements. According as verbs have or don’t have the power to take complements, the notional words should classed as complimentive (transitive and intransitive)or uncomplimentive (personal and impersonal) Terminative – denote actions which can’t develop beyond a certain limit (to stand up, to sit down, to come, to take). Non-terminative – have no limit (to love, to sit, to work, to walk) _______________ Time and tense (He likes to read. He will read for hours. – He will read at 5 o’clock.) 3 basic categories of the verb: aspect, correlation and voice. They are constituted by 2 forms of the verb – analytical and non-analytical. The categories of mood, tense and person are basically different. They are characteristic of only finite forms of the verb. The category of tense, being a predicative category, differs from other categories in its structure, grammatical meaning and its syntactic function because it is connected with the essence of the speech act, with interpersonal relations Functionally all the forms, entering these two systems, are the same. They’re used in the syntactic function of the predicate in the sentence. But in speech in the plane of communication the present forms reveal their specific character: they reflect facts and evens as actual, immediately related to the participants of the speech act. On the contrary, the forms of the past reflect something that is already the past, history, not immediately related to the participants of the speech act. What is represented by the past forms is of some cognitive interest to the addressee. e.g. I have just seen him. I saw him just now. e.g. They are coming tomorrow. If we admit that the tense forms of the present express reality and make the information actual for the participants of the speech act, it is possible then to account for the rule ‘in clauses of time and condition forms of the present are used instead of the future’ (though the verb expresses a future action). The same is relevant for the use of the forms of the present in object clauses after the verbs with the meaning know, learn, find, imagine, see (that), look, take care, mind, etc.: I’ll let you know what happens when I speak to him. I’ll take care that he doesn’t. If you watch, you’ll certainly find that he gets a good job in a few months. The problem of the future tense: will+Infinitive. An instant or spontaneous decision to do something (We’ve run out of paper for the printer. – I’ll go and get some. I think I’ll go home.) Predictions of a general character (Over the next few years, interactive TV will make a great impact on consumer behavior, and advertisers will have to approach customers in a completely different way.) Requests, promises, threats, offering help, etc. (Will you give me a hand with those boxes? –Of course I will.) Other ways to express a future action: Present Continuous, going to (What are you doing on Friday afternoon?- We should have left much earlier. We are going to be late.) Compare: I don’t think the present government will win the elections. - I don’t think the present government is going to win the elections. Look – looked or look – looked or look – looked – will look? ______________ --The aspective meaning of the verb reflects the realization of the process irrespective of it’s timing 2 systems of verbal forms should be evaluated the Continuous & Perfect forms. Blokh distinguished 2 oppositions: constitued by the continuous forms of the verb & non-continuous or indefinite form of the verb. It’s the aspective category of development. The strong member is the continuous – build up by the discontinuous morpheme be+ing. Continuous form denotes an action proceeding continuously at a definite period of time, within certain time limits. Non-continuous form denotes an action not limited but either occurring repeatedly or everlasting, without any notion of lasting duration at a given moment. H.Sweet, O.Jespersen put them among the tense forms of the verb. Actually the continuous usually goes with a verb, which express a simultaneous action. But the timing of the action is not expressed by the continuous. One more fact about the non-temporal meaning of the continuous its use in the verb form perfect continuous. It can only be understood as expressing aspectuality. The opposition of the category of development undergoes different reductions ex:The man stood (introductory word-neutralization ”+”) smoking (participial construction "–") a pipe The 2 category of retrospect. It constitued by the opposition of the perfect form of the verb to the non-perfect. The strong member is perfect, which is built up by the discontinuous morpheme have-en. The categorial individuality of the perfect was shown by Smirnitsky (This category is different from both tense and aspect) The content of the category-priority expressed by the perfect form against the non-expression of priority by the non-perfect forms. | |
| Просмотров: 1459 | | |
| Всего комментариев: 0 | |